|
Herdsmen: The Fulani Pastoralists: 1 By Prof. Lawal Mohammed Marafa
The extent at which mistrust, conflicts, fights, displacement and killings have threatened the 'Nigerian entity and mostly Northern Nigeria calls for a radical thought that will lead to concrete actions in bringing this situation to an end. This will then lay a solid foundation for peaceful coexistence. It is important to understand the circumstances that partly brought Nigeria and its people to this quagmire with livelihood and security consequences. The majority of the Fulani, the ethnic group at the centre of this imbroglio are pastoralists either sedentary or nomadic. While a good number of them practice their trade as sedentary (aka town Fulanis) a sizeable percentage practice nomadism/transhumance. It is currently the later that are now seen as the dreaded herdsmen. Herdsmen in the current Nigerian lingo need no further explanation. But there is the need to understand the context of their existence and attempt to forge a truce between them, the communities and the environment in which they operate leading to sustainable development. To a beginner, pastoralism is a very productive activity that commands a sizeable percentage of the global GDP. It is critical to many countries' economies including New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, China, Mongolia, Turkey and most of Central Europe etc. Closer home in Africa, it’s contribution to GDP represents 10% in Mali, 9% in Ethiopia and about 8.5% in Uganda. In a nut shale, pastoralism contributes between about 8.5% and 44% of the GDP of African countries. In most cases, pastoralism represents a way of life and a (transhumance) system of production based on mobility of both human and animals. In some of these countries, it has become a controlled movement and management of this natural resource. In Nigeria, it is the movement of Fulani (% of population), cattle, and some sheep. In this process, the ecological factors that support this lays the basis for success or otherwise. It also facilitates the environment, economic and social aspects of existence, there in emphasizing the notion of sustainable development. In addition to human factors that can make this to succeed, the climate change factors cannot be overlooked. But I will take up on climate change in a later article. It is however noteworthy to infer that pastoralism or herding in this case, can be competitive, profitable and beneficial to biodiversity and natural resources. It is also important to note that wherever Pastoralism exists, there is a plethora of activities. The multifunctional nature of this trade brings impacts to social economic and environmental aspects on the places that it transcends. If it is not handled well and is not accommodated into the mainstream economic development framework and strategic livelihood of people, it results in conflict thus posing security challenges as we have seen in many countries globally and closer to home in the Sahel and lately on home soil in Nigeria. As a result of this, many lives have been lost, properties destroyed, trust between people have eroded and the future is bleak. It is therefore necessary to situate pastoralism and the activities of the Fulani in the context of development policies and the posing security challenges. Traditionally, the herders or nomadic pastoralists have a superior knowledge of the terrain as they embark on seasonal movement of livestock, primarily cattle along a grazing area corridor from one place to another. It is now necessary to seek rather than reject them. The rising conflict between herders and local people: where they exist has become deadly. There are many vices that are alluded to herders (cattle rustling, kidnapping, extortion, to mention a few). As a major security concern, this conflict has defied all logic and has now metamorphosed into an ethno-regional catastrophe that has already polarised the psyche of the people, neglecting the eco-climatic aspects that have been here and that are set to continue if not addressed. Although I do not claim to proffer a one-off solution for the eradication of the current conundrum, there are few ways in at least containing the situation while identifying strategies for a wholistic development that will result in a win-win situation. Many other people can proffer solutions and identify the way forward. My take will be part of the following: (l) As an immediate action therefore, the priority should be to deploy enough security units to areas where clashes have occurred and mayhem unleashed; (2) The perpetrators of violence should be brought to justice regardless of their status or ethnic allegiances; (3) Specifically track and disarm ethnic militias, whoever they may be; and (4) Identify long-term plans for a comprehensive reform of pastoralism as a major economic sector. This will also come with a vision to improve access to products, services and markets for pastoralists and herders and their offerings. In this way, conflicts will reduce.
Prof. L Marafa; Professor of Geography, Resource Management and Tourism with strong interest on Agriculture and Food Security, at the Chinese University of Hong Kong |