Nigeria

Nigeria’s Amnesty And Its Infinitesimal Calculus

Okachikwu Dibia

A freely discussed nation is a well resolved nation. Therefore an un-discussed nation is an un-resolved nation which has no business with peace. Since January 1914 when Nigeria was created by Britain, several fundamental ethno-religious issues have been acting to tear the country apart. Nigeria’s political leadership has bluntly and dangerously refused to sincerely assemble the ethnic peoples together in a National Conference to discuss how they would like to live together in peace. This failure has resulted in sectional riots, agitations, uprisings, wars and now persistent militant groups inflicting terror on and making Nigeria unsafe. Nobody in Nigeria can sleep with two eyes closed. Government has discovered amnesty as the solution to militancy. Granting amnesty the way it is being done in Nigeria would ultimately lead to amnesty for all Nigerians.

Today, Northern Nigeria is highly insecure due to the operations of Boko Haram, a militant religious sect that insists they would want to have Nigeria Islamized; otherwise, they would continue to kill Nigerians daily with knives, guns, bombs and charms. To resolve this, the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN), on 17^th April 2013, set up a 26-man panel to consider the matter and make appropriate recommendations. Recall that amnesty was granted to the Niger Delta militants in about 2009 when they argued that Niger Delta, which produces crude oil and gas contributing over 80% of Nigeria’s foreign exchange revenue, had long been neglected and undeveloped. Northern Nigeria has been unhappy with the granting of amnesty to the Niger Delta militants because it gave Niger Delta more access to Nigeria’s funds than the other parts of the country. Therefore, the North needed amnesty for Boko Haram.

The integration calculus of Nigeria’s amnesty must define those variables it seeks to manipulate. The variables include the goal of the agitation, sectionalism, rehabilitation, arms surrender, dialogue, killing of fellow Nigerians, facelessness and selfishness. When amnesty was used for the Niger Delta militancy, these variables reacted wildly. The same analysis may be the end result in the Boko Haram’s case. Applying amnesty to Boko Haram may not achieve the Islamisation of Nigeria (just like Niger Delta had remained undeveloped) but just to enrich its organisers. Meanwhile, the government would be continuously engrossed in the management of the uncountable fall-outs and reactions to amnesty not just for Niger Delta and Boko Haram but for the rest of Nigerians and sectional agitators now militants backed by their “Ogas at the top” for amnesty. This is the amnesty conundrum and industry in Nigeria.

Amnesty, from consulted sources and my own residual knowledge as a student of society, refers to the official forgiveness granted to those who in the pursuit of their social struggles may have offended the state and their only reward is forgiveness. Also the cause of the struggle should be able to pass the test of public good.

In Nigeria, we have had several of such struggles against the Nigerian State. There were the resistance by the North not to be joined together with the South to form Nigeria, the Aba Women’s Riot of 1929, the nationalists’ agitations, the Eastern Minorities agitations, the agitation by the Yorubas of Western Nigeria against the imposition of the late Chief S. L. Akintola as the leader of the Yoruba (which led to the imprisonment of Chief Obafemi Awolowo who was later granted amnesty by General Gowon) and the middle-belt riots against the “perceived neglect and oppressive policies of the ruling Northern Peoples Congress (NPC)…”. All these agitations were for the common good and executed without arms.

Next were the Isaac Adaka Boro’s Ijaw uprising and the Biafran struggle led by Odimegwu Ojukwu. The FGN quelled the agitation and charged Boro for treason for which he was jailed; but later granted amnesty by General Gowon in May 1967; while Ojukwu was also granted amnesty during the Second Republic. These struggles were for the common good but arms were used. The leaders never purposely killed their people to prosecute the struggles; neither did they solicit for amnesty.

Others were the Ogoni Revolution, Niger Delta militancy, the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), the Odua Peoples Congress (OPC), Egbesu Boys, Bakassi Boys, Arewa Boys and now Boko Haram. Except the Ogoni Revolution and MASSOB, the rest had been in the main for the selfish interest of the organizers and executed with arms, bombs and charms. OPC is a little in-between.

Amnesty to the Niger Delta militants was inappropriate politics. Though the cause was noble and popular; they kidnapped and killed fellow Niger Deltans. Why should they join cults and infiltrate community politics, kill perceived enemies and destroy properties in places like Emohua, Port Harcourt, Ogbogoro, Rumuolumeni, Ogbakiri, Okrika, Rumuekpe etc? Why should they be the primary, direct beneficiaries of all the monies and benefits derivable from their struggle? Why should they kidnap workers of construction companies who are engaged in the construction of roads and bridges to develop and reduce the neglect they agitated against? Why have they not demonstrated against the FGN’s reluctance to implement the UNEP Report on Ogoni? Why should they abandon the struggle while Niger Delta remained undeveloped; but insisting that FGN must facilitate Henry Okah’s release from prison in South Africa, otherwise, they will return to the creeks and streets of Niger Delta? Is this how to pursue a social cause? Where is the popular interest of the struggle? Where is the morality of the struggle?

The current security tension in Nigeria is the Boko Haram. In Northern Nigeria today, life is almost at the mercy of Boko Haram. They say they want total Islamisation of Nigeria. We must agree at this point that the FGN, through the police, was wrong to have killed Yusuf, one of the leaders of Boko Haram. The police was also very wrong for the massive killings of the sect’s members as reported by Aljazeera television in about 2009. However, is the Islamisation of Nigeria as demanded by Boko Haram a popular cause? To me it is not because Nigeria is a secular state and it is inappropriate politics to demand for the Islamisation of the country. Like the Niger Delta militants, Boko Haram had being killing and destroying lives and properties in Northern Nigeria especially in Borno, Yobe, Bauchi, Kaduna, Kano, Abuja for selfish interests and that is why granting amnesty to Boko Haram does not make sense.

On the part of the government, it is either amnesty or nothing; so why did the FGN waste all this time, lives and properties before setting up the committee whose recommendations the government and Nigerians already know? President Jonathan should know that from the utterances of the leadership of the North, they arranged Boko Haram for amnesty funds to share and become millionaires like the members of the amnesty committee for the Niger Delta militants. Yet, some Northern leaders claim that Boko Haram is not fighting for Islam. This statement requires full dialogue with Boko Haram to find out exactly what their grievances are. That Boko Haram said they reject amnesty is chakara (Fela’s special language describing the outward rejection of an offer you desperately want).

Since amnesty did not succeed in the Niger Delta, it may not succeed in the North too. If the FGN grant amnesty to Boko Haram, Mr. President should be ready to replicate the equivalents of NDDC, Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs, Special Advisers and Assistants, rehabilitation centres, skills trainings abroad etc for the direct benefit of the members of Boko Haram, MOSOP, OPC, MASSOP, Bakassi Boys, Egbesu Boys, Arewa Youths etc and all strata of the Nigerian populace that would embrace organized militancy. Amnesty to Niger Delta and Boko Haram militants is a time bomb that will soon explode with consequences much heavier and immense than all the atrocities of the existing militancy groups combined. Thereafter, every other 160 million Nigerian would carry guns and bombs, kill each other in order to earn amnesty. This is amnesty infinitum calculated to the last kobo to appease the intrinsic selfish goal of the Nigerian version of dubious militancy. It is the infinitesimal calculus of amnesty in Nigeria. At last the real dividends of democracy would be the dividends of militancy.

Remember that in the midst of these militancy groups are other insecurity breeding intra/inter-community conflicts that consume thousands of lives and properties worth millions of Naira. They include the Tiv versus Jukun, Berom versus Fulani, Amuleri versus Aguleri, Ife versus Modakeke, Ogoni versus Okrika, Hausa-Elele versus Ikwerre and Ahoada communities, Rebisi versus Okrika, Zango-Kataf wars, Choba killings and rapes, Umuechem, Odi and Zaki-Biam massacres etc. In some of these conflicts, government had always set up committees to investigate the causes of the fights and recommend solutions. Yet, no solutions! It is the unsatisfactory management of these agitations that remain a source of hate, huge regrets, psychic pains, anger, bitterness and intolerance among the peoples of Nigeria. Amnesty is no solution at all.

So, where is the solution? As at today, none of these struggles has been dispassionately discussed in order to seek a comprehensive and permanent resolution to them. Yet Nigerian leaders look the other way and the issues keep hunting Nigeria as they resurface in different forms and places. Nigeria must come to terms with how to relate ethnically and religiously well. There is once again the urgent need for the FGN to immediately assemble all the ethnic groups in a National Conference to tell their painful stories, discuss, dialogue and agree on how to resolve these fundamental differences tearing a potentially good country apart. This goes beyond matters for committees! Peace in Nigeria starts with the effective management of ethnic and religious differential variables which are at the root of all the agitations and conflicts mentioned above and never discussed. If this is not done quickly, even pilots to all the commercial, private and presidential jets and helicopters will refuse to fly their owners out of Nigeria and their gatemen will gladly open the gates to the true Nigerian revolutionaries. Even the military will tacitly support the revolution because they would have been thoroughly tired of the unrelenting mismanagement of Nigeria. If I were Mr. President, I would make history by boldly, quickly and sincerely organizing this most demanded National Conference from where a peoples’ constitution would emerge.