References BOOKS

From

References, Ranks & Abbreviations

BOOKS, PERIODICALS, NEWSPAPERS AND WEBPAGES

Luttwak, Edward. Coup d'Etat - A Practical Handbook. Alfred Knopf, 1968.

Dudley, Billy J. Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria. Ibadan University Press, 1973.

Norman J Miners. The Nigerian Army 1956-1966. Methuen, 1971

Daily Times of Nigeria, Lagos, 1966. First 100 Days.

Onipede. O. Nigeria Crisis. Africa Quarterly Vol. 9, No. 3, p 233-263, New Delhi, 1969.

Luckham Robin. The Nigerian Military: A Sociological Analysis of Authority and Revolt: 1960-67. Cambridge University Press, 1971.

A. H. M. Kirk-Greene. Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria: A Documentary SourceBook.   (Volume I; Oxford University Press, 1971)

A. H. M. Kirk-Greene. Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria: A Documentary SourceBook.   (Volume II; Oxford University Press, 1971)

Tamuno, T. & Ukpabi, S., Eds.   Nigeria Since Independence: The First Twenty-Five Years: Vol.VI: The Civil War Years Heinemann Educ. Books (Nig.) Ltd. 1989

Omoigui, N. History of Civil-Military Relations in Nigeria (Part 3) : Count-Down to the January 1966 Coup. http://www.gamji.com/nowa/nowa11.htm

Major P.C.K. Nzeogwu: Declaration of Martial Law over Northern Nigeria, January 15, 1966. http://www.dawodu.com/nzeogwu2.htm

Ademoyega, Adewale.   Why We Struck: The Story Of The First Nigerian Coup.   Evans Brothers, 1981

Obasanjo, Olusegun. Nzeogwu. Spectrum Books Ltd, Ibadan, 1978.

Nigeria Police Special Branch, 1966: Military rebellion of 15th January 1966. (Investigative Report) [http://www.gamji.com/nowa/NEWS1103.htm] Also see Kirk-Greene and Cervenka.

Akinjide, Richard. The Amalgamation of Nigeria was a Fraud. Vanguard Newspapers. July 9, 2000. http://www.deltastate.com/articles/akinjide.asp

Nwafor Orizu: Liberty Or Chains - Africa Must Be (Autobiography). Excerpted in Vanguard Newspaper - "Reminiscences; Nigeria's First Military Coup and Why we Handed Over." Sat, 24 Apr 1999. (www.afbis.com/vanguard).

Dent, Martin. The Military and Politics: A Study of the relation between the army and the political process in Nigeria. pp 113-139. In: Kirkwood Kenneth (ed): African Affairs, St. Antony Papers, No. 21. Oxford University Press, 1969

MCK Ajuluchukwu: How Nigeria lost the dream http/www.vanguardngr.com/news/articles/2001/September/29092001/id429901.htm

Chief Anthony Enahoro: NIGERIA AT 41* The Journey So Far http/www.vanguardngr.com/news/articles/2001/September/29092001/id129901.htm

Madiebo, Alexander A. The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War. Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1980.

Major General JN Garba. Revolution in Nigeria. Another View. Africa Books Ltd. 1982.

Enloe CH. Ethnic Soldiers. State Security in a Divided Society. Penguin, 1980.

Bernard Odogwu: No Place to Hide. Crises and Conflicts inside Biafra. Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1985.

Shehu Shagari: Beckoned to Serve. Heinemann (Nigeria), 2001

Ogbemudia SO. Years of Challenge. Heinemann, 1991.

Ogbonna Oleka, Ndubuisi Ofondu. Power with Civility. A Biography of Rear Admiral Godwin Ndubuisi Kanu. Nekson Publishers, 1998

DJM Muffet. Let Truth be Told. The coups d'etat of nineteen sixty-six. HudaHuda Publishing Company, 1982

Olusegun Obasanjo. My Command. An Account of the Nigerian Civil War 1967-70. Heinemann, 1980.

De St. Jorre, John. The Nigerian Civil War. Hodder and Stoughton, 1972

Cervenka Zdenek. The Nigerian War 1967-1970. Bernard & Fraefe Verlag fur Wehrwesen, 1971

Nigerian International Bibliographical Centre. Who is Who in Nigeria. 1999.

Tunji Otegbeye. The Turbulent Decade. VisionLink Nigeria Ltd. 1999.

Azikiwe, Nnamdi: Military Revolution in Nigeria. London: C. Hurst, 1970.

Dr. Zik's letter Reveals - Ojukwu planned coup in 1964. In: New Nigerian, Kaduna, 1968. (June 1st)
page 12.

J. Isawa Elaigwu. Gowon. West Books Publisher Limited, 1985.

Odumegwu-Ojukwu, Chukwuemeka: Biafra, Selected Speeches with Journal of Events. Perennial Library, 1969.

Odumegwu-Ojukwu, Chukwuemeka: Biafra. Random Thoughts. Harper and Row, 1969.

Oluleye, JJ. Military Leadership in Nigeria, 1966-1979. University Press Ltd. 1985

Osaghae, Eghosa E. Crippled Giant : Nigeria Since Independence. Indiana University Press, 1999

Saliu Ibrahim: Nigeria's participation in United Nations Operations in the Congo (ONUC) 1960-64. pp 71-89. In: MA Vodt, AE Ekoko (eds). Nigeria in International Peace-Keeping 1960-1992, Malthouse Press Ltd, 1993.

Major General DA Ejoor (rtd). Reminiscences. Malhouse Press Ltd, 1989.

Barrett, Lindsay. Danjuma: The Making of a General. Fourth Dimension, 1979.

Njoku, H M. A Tragedy without Heroes: The Story of the Nigerian Civil War. Fourth Dimension, 1987.

Jemibewon, David. A Combatant in Government. Heinemann, 1978.

Ministry of Home Affairs and Information, Western Nigeria, 1967: Fajuyi the Great; a soldier of peace.

Allison Ayida: The Nigerian Revolution, 1966-1976. Ibadan University Press, 1973

Forsythe, Frederick. The Biafra Story. Penguin, 1969.

Akpan, NU. The Struggle for Secession in Nigeria 1966-70. Frank Cass, 1971.

Federal Ministry of Information, Lagos 1967. Federal Republic of Nigeria, Meeting of Military Leaders, held at Peduase Lodge, Aburi, Ghana, 4 and 5 January 1967.

Aburi Meeting of Nigerian Military Leaders, 4th and 5th January 1967 (recorded by the Ghana Government and released by command of Lt. Col. Odumegwu Ojukwu, Military Givernor of Eastern Nigeria). Enugu: Phonodisc, 1967. (24 sides, 12 discs)

Federal Ministry of Information, Lagos 1967. Nigeria 1966.

Eastern Nigeria Regional Publication, Enugu 1967. January 15: Before and After; No. WT/1003/3674/40,000, 1967

Dennis Ejindu. Interview with Major P. C. K. Nzeogwu. In: Africa and the World, London 1967, Vol. 3, No. 5, p 15.

Nwankwo, Ifejika. Biafra - The making of a Nation. Hurst, 1969.

Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Federal Government Honours 1966 Coup Victims. http://allafrica.com/stories/200107230701.html

Chuks Iloegbunam.   Ironside: The Biography Of General Aguiyi-Ironsi, Nigeria's First Military Head Of State. Press Alliance Network Limited, London, 1999

Sanmi Ajiki. 'Fajuyi: The martyred soldier'. Referenced in   Chuks Ugwoke: Aguiyi-Ironsi/Fajuyi: Old memories linger 35 years after. Vanguard, August 4, 2001. See http://nigeriamasterweb.com/nmwpg1Ironsifajuyi.html

Uwechue Raph. Reflections on the Nigerian Civil War. OITH International Publishers, 1969.

Dan Agbese. Fellow Nigerians. Turning Points in the Political History of Nigeria. Umbrella Books, Ibadan, 2000.

Panter-Brick SK. From Military Coup to Civil War. pp 14-57. In: Panter-Brick (ed), Nigerian Politics and Military Rule, Prelude to the Civil War. Athlone Press, University of London, 1970.

Haywood, A. and Clarke, F.A.S. The history of the Royal West African Frontier Force. Aldershot: Gale & Polden, 1964.

Ogham-Emeka, Chijioke. Aguiyi Ironsi's Legacy. http://nigeriamasterweb.com/nmwpg1Ironsilegacy.html

Obi Nwakanma. Abati's Revisionisms and Distortions of Nigeria's history. http://www.usafricaonline.com/obinwaka.igbohater.abati.html

Chuks Iloegbunam: Reuben Abati And Other Anti-Igbo Bigots In Nigeria http://www.usafricaonline.com/chuksilo.igbohater.abati.html

Chuks Iloegbunam: The Vial of January 15. http://www.dawodu.com/chuks.htm

INTERVIEWS

Interview: Major General EO Abisoye (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Colonel DS Abubakar (rtd).Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Brigadier Benjamin Adekunle (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: General IB Babangida (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: General Domkat Bali (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Lt. Gen. TY Danjuma (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Lt. Gen. Garba Duba (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Major General David Ejoor (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: General Yakubu Gowon (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Major General IBM Haruna (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Lt. Gen. GS Jalo (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Major General Sunday Ifere (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Major General YY Kure (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Colonel Yohana Madaki (rtd).   Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Major General AB Mamman (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Captain Emmanuel Nwobosi (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Brigadier General M. Remawa (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Major General Abdullai Shelleng (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Major General M. Shuwa (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Brigadier Baba Usman (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Major General Martin Adamu (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Lt. Col. Hilary Njoku (rtd). Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview:   Chief Odumegwu Ojukwu.   Archives of the Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000. See text in - Major General HB Momoh (ed): The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. History and Reminiscences. Sam Bookman Publishers. Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, 2000.

Interview: Brigadier MJ Vatsa (Interview on Radio Kaduna, as reported by J. Isawa Elaigwu. Gowon. West Books Publisher Limited, 1985)

Interview: Colonel Garba Duba (Interview on Radio Kaduna, as reported by J. Isawa Elaigwu. Gowon. West Books Publisher Limited, 1985)

Interview: Lt. Col. W. Walbe (rtd). (Interview with Professor Elaigwu, as reported by J. Isawa Elaigwu. Gowon. West Books Publisher Limited, 1985)

Interview: General Yakubu Gowon (rtd). (Interview with Professor Elaigwu, as reported by J. Isawa Elaigwu. Gowon. West Books Publisher Limited, 1985)

Interview: Major General Shehu Musa Yar'Adua (rtd). (FRCN interview with Major-General Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, 26 October 1979)

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Personal Communication: Dr. Humphrey Idemudia Idehen (former personal Physician to the President of Nigeria, Nnamdi Azikiwe).

Personal Communication: Antony Goldman (former Financial Times of London Correspondent) and biographer for Major General Shehu Yar'Adua (rtd).

Personal Communication: Brigadier S.O. Ogbemudia (rtd), former Brigade Major, 1st Brigade, Kaduna.

Personal Communication: Lt. Col. M.O. Nzefili (rtd), former Commander, 4th battalion, Ibadan.

Personal Communication: Lt. Col. A. Keshi (rtd), former Brigade Major, 1st Brigade, Kaduna

Personal Communication: Serving and retired military officers and Non-Commissioned Officers (Unnamed by request)

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APPENDIX
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Explanation of Ranks

Ranks of officers changed over time. The format used was the Nigerian rank an officer or non-commissioned officer was wearing at the time a given event occurred. For example, Hassan Katsina and M.O. Nzefili were Majors in January 1966, and Lt. Cols. by July 1966. Hassan Katsina retired as a Major General in 1975. Yakubu Gowon was a Lt. Col in January and July 1966, a Major General by July 1967 and a General in 1975. Garba Duba was a Lt. in July 1966, a Colonel in 1979, and is now a retired Lt. Gen. Yohana Madaki was an NCO in 1966 but is now a retired Colonel. Lt. W. Walbe was a Lt. in July 1966 but retired as a Lt. Col. in 1975. Murtala Muhammed was a T/Major in January 1966, a T/Lt. Col by July 1966 and a General in 1976. Martin Adamu was a Captain in July 1966 but retired in 1977 as a Major General. Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma was a T/Major in July 1966 but retired as a Lt. Gen in 1979. There are many other examples.

I did not use Biafran ranks. Note, however, that Lt. Col. H. Njoku (rtd) was a Brigadier and first Commander of the Biafran Army. An unconfirmed account says he was on the verge of being promoted to the rank of Brigadier in the Nigerian Army by General Ironsi when the July coup took place.   Lt. Col. C. O. Ojukwu was a General in that army. However, Lt. Col. Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu was dismissed from the Nigerian Army in June 1967, which is why he is addressed as "Chief" Odumegwu Ojukwu in the Nigerian Army Archives. Captain E.N. Nwobosi (rtd) was a Colonel in the Biafran Army.

ABBREVIATIONS

AG- Action Group, led by Chief Obafemi Awolowo

ASP- Assistant Superintendent of Police

Bn - Battalion. Two or more companies. Cavalry and aviation refer to this as a "squadron".

Bde: Brigade. Two or more battalions. Usually commanded by a Brigadier or Senior Colonel.

Corps: Two or more divisions. Usually commanded by a Lt. Gen. (Note the use of the word "Corps" here is different from the ordinary usage in the Nigerian Army - which uses it to refer to professional groupings of specialized teeth, support and service arms e.g. Infantry, Artillery, Ordnance, Engineers, Signals, Medical, Finance, Supply and Transport etc...)

BYM - Borno Youth Movement

Div: Division. Two or more brigades. A division has between 12,500 and 25,000 troops. Usually commanded by a Maj. Gen.

DSP - Deputy Superintendent of Police

GOC - General Officer Commanding

IG - Inspector General

NCNC - National Council of Nigerian Citizens, led by Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe

NDC - Niger Delta Congress, led by Chief Dappa Diriye

NEPU - Northern Elements Progressive Union, led by Alhaji Aminu Kano

NNA - Nigerian National Alliance, including the NPC,
NNDC, NDC and their surrogates

NNDP - Nigerian National Democratic Party, led by late Chief Akintola, a split off from the AG

NPC - Northern Peoples Congress, led by Sir Ahmadu Bello

PM - Prime Minister

UPGA - United Progressive Grand Alliance (an alliance of the AG, NCNC, UMBC, NEPU and BYM)

(rtd) - retired

UMBC - United Middle Belt Congress, led by Joseph Tarka

NAF - Nigerian Air Force

NN - Nigerian Navy

NA - Nigerian Army

QNR - Queens Nigeria Regiment

DAQMG - Deputy Assistant Quarter-Master-General

BM - Brigade Major

ADC - Aide-de-Camp

C-in-C - Commander-in-Chief

Officers Mess - A rest and recreation center for the exclusive use of officers

NMTC - Nigerian Military Training College (the precursor to NDA)

Mutiny - Insurrection against constituted authority, particularly military or naval authority; concerted revolt against the rules of discipline or the lawful commands of a superior officer; hence, generally, forcible resistance to rightful authority; insubordination. [Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)]

Coup - a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force [synonym: coup d'Etat, putsch, takeover] (http://www.dict.org) ALSO, a sudden, decisive exercise of power whereby the existing government is subverted without the consent of the people; an unexpected measure of state, more or less violent; a stroke of policy. [Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)]

2ic - Second in Command

HQ - Headquarters

SHQ - Supreme Headquarters

AHQ - Army Headquarters

SMC - Supreme Military Council

COS - Chief of Staff

Chief of Staff (COS) - the senior officer of a service of the armed forces. In Nigeria of 1966 it meant the officer responsible for coordinating staff matters on behalf of the Supreme Commander for a given service like the Army. The title does not have the same degree of power and latitude as a Chief of Army Staff (COAS), which is why it was derisively regarded as the Supreme Commander's 'Chief Clerk'.

ONUC - United Nations Operation in the Congo

MTO - Motor Transport Officer

Acting Rank. Assumes the salary and benefits appropriate to the acting rank, but appropriate authorities may order the holder to revert to previous rank held. For example, Brigadier Ironsi was an acting Major General as Commander of ONUC from January to June 1964

Local Rank. Temporary unpaid rank, usually made for a specific operation in a specific area.

Substantive Rank. (S) Fully remunerated confirmed permanent rank. e.g. S/Major - Substantive Major

Temporary Rank. (T.) Rank granted for a short period, usually for a specific task or mission or to allow a junior officer assume higher command responsibilities. e.g. T/Major - Temporary Major. When Murtala Muhammed was promoted to T/Lt. Col. and Inspector of Signals in May 1966 he was actually an S/Captain.

CO: Commanding officer

Other ranks - Ranks other than Officer ranks. It includes NCOs , Lance Corporals and Privates.

NCO - Non-commissioned officer is a slang term for a Sergeant. However, it also refers to all 'other ranks' above Lance Corporal and below Lieutenant. It may also mean a subordinate officer not appointed by a commission from the chief executive or supreme authority of the State; but by the Secretary of War or by the commanding officer of the regiment. [Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)]

RSM - Regimental Sergeant Major (the most senior NCO in a battalion or regiment)

Subaltern - a commissioned military officer below the rank of Captain [Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)]

Company-Grade Officer - A commissioned military officer holding the ranks of 2/ Lieutenant, Lieutenant, or Captain. (Note that in 1966, because of officer manpower imbalance at lower levels, Lieutenants, who ordinarily command platoons, used to command companies in some battalions)

Field-Grade Officer - An officer holding the rank of Major or Lieutenant Colonel or Colonel

General Officer - An officer holding the ranks of Brigadier (one star), Major General (two stars), Lieutenant General (three stars) or General (four stars) or Field Marshal (five stars).

Int - Intelligence

GSO - General Staff Officer

Recce - Reconnaissance

Arty - Artillery

Squadron - can be either:

1: A cavalry (armored) unit consisting of two or more troops and headquarters and supporting arms

2: An air force unit larger than a flight and smaller than a group

3: A naval unit that is detached from the fleet for a particular task

Troop - means a group of soldiers, but is more often used to refer to a cavalry (armored) unit corresponding to an infantry company. It can consist of 3-4 armored vehicles.

Company - means a small infantry military unit; usually two or three Platoons, probably 100 men or less, commanded by a Major or senior Captain. Artillery refers to this as a "battery", while cavalry and aviation units call it a "troop".

Platoon - a military unit that is a subdivision of a company; usually has a headquarters and two or more squads (sections); usually commanded by a lieutenant. Typically 24-36 men.

PT - Physical Training.

Recoilless rifle - A recoilless weapon is designed to minimize recoil. The M40A1 106mm Recoilless Rifle Rocket Launcher was developed during the Korean War and used by U.S. Marines in Vietnam. US refusal in early 1967 to supply ammunition for the 106mm recoilless rifles they had earlier sold Nigeria badly affected US-Nigerian relations when the civil war broke out.

"Glover's Hausas" - A nickname for the constabulary force formed in 1863 to police the colony, protect British traders, and handle some raids into the hinterland. This nickname originated from the fact that Lt. Glover of the Royal Navy whose exploration ship got wrecked near Jebba on the River Niger picked up a band of run away Hausa slaves and employed them as a security force as he made his way back to the coast over Yoruba land. This unit was the ancestor of what later became the 4th Battalion of the Nigerian Army at Letmauk Barracks, Ibadan during the first republic.
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RANKS IN THE NIGERIAN ARMY (adapted from British Army)

Officers.

· Field Marshal (No Nigerian has ever attained this rank)
· General
· Lieutenant General
· Major General
· Brigadier
· Colonel
· Lieutenant Colonel
· Major
· Captain
· Lieutenant
· Second Lieutenant.

Other Ranks

· Warrant Officer Class 1 (senior NCO)
· Warrant Officer Class 2 (senior NCO)
· Staff Sergeant (NCO)
· Sergeant (NCO)
· Corporal (junior NCO)
· Lance Corporal
· Private

Miscellaneous Ranks

The following ranks or appointments have been used on and off in the Nigerian Army:

1. Brigadier General, is the US equivalent of a Brigadier
2. Gunner, means a Private in the Artillery
3. Bombardier, means a Corporal in the Artillery
4. Lance Bombardier, means a Lance Corporal in the Artillery
5. Sergeant Major, can be a Warrant Officer Class 1 or Class 2